Periods

Early Republic (509-27 BCE)

This period saw the development of the so-called "Tuscan order," which was a simplified version of the Doric order used in Greek architecture. The Tuscan order featured smooth columns with simple capitals and bases, and was often used in public buildings such as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill.

Late Republic (27 BCE-14 CE)

During this period, Roman architecture became more ornate and grandiose. A new order, known as the Composite order, was developed, which combined elements of both the Ionic and Corinthian orders. The Late Republic also saw the construction of many public works projects, such as the Aqua Claudia and Aqua Anio Novus aqueducts, which brought fresh water to the city of Rome.

Early Empire (14-96 CE)

This period was marked by the construction of many grand public buildings, including the Colosseum, the Flavian Palace, and the Trajan's Forum. Concrete became a popular building material during this time, allowing Roman architects to create large, open spaces such as the Pantheon.

High Empire (96-192 CE)

The High Empire saw the continued use of concrete and the development of new architectural forms, such as the triumphal arch, which was used to commemorate military victories. The Forum of Trajan, built during this period, is considered one of the finest examples of Roman architecture.

Late Empire (192-476 CE)

During this period, Roman architecture became more ornate and decorative, with a particular emphasis on intricate carvings and sculptural elements. This period also saw the development of early Christian architecture, as seen in the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine and the Basilica of San Clemente.

Types of Vaults in Roman Architecture

Vaults provide a means of creating large interior spaces and adding structural stability to buildings. Here are several types of vaults used in Roman architecture:

• Barrel vaults were formed by a series of arches placed side by side, creating a tunnel-like structure.

• Groin vaults were formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults, creating a series of curved surfaces.

• Domes were spherical or hemispherical in shape and were often used to top large circular spaces. Different from other vaults that are arch extruded into the third dimension, a dome is an arch revolved around its vertical axis.

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Roman

509 BCE - 400 CE

Roman architecture originated in ancient Rome during the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. It can be divided into several periods . Greek and Etruscan architectural styles heavily influenced it, but it evolved to reflect the changing needs of Roman society.

Roman architecture has had a lasting impact on Western architecture and design. Many of the features and techniques developed by the Romans, such as arches, vaults, and concrete, are still used in construction today. Roman architecture also reflects the values and priorities of Roman society, such as their emphasis on civic infrastructure and their desire for grandeur and spectacle.

Important Features

Arches and Vaults

The arch, which was known to the ancient Greeks, was refined and perfected by the Romans. The arches allowed architects to construct larger and more complex structures like bridges, open spaces, aqueducts, and monuments that were both functional and beautiful.

The vault, essentially an extension of the arch, allowed for even larger spaces, and it made possible the construction of structures such as aqueducts, which were essential for supplying water to Roman cities.

Concrete

The Romans were the first to use concrete extensively in their buildings, and they developed new techniques and formulas that allowed for faster and more efficient construction. Roman concrete was made from a combination of lime, volcanic ash, and small stones or gravel, and it was particularly well-suited for construction in wet or humid environments. Using concrete allowed the creation of intricate architectural details, such as ornate carvings and decorative elements.

Columns

The Romans used columns for both support and decoration. They continued the order types developed from Greek and developed Tuscan and Composite orders.

Tuscan order is simple and sturdy with a plain column shaft, a simple base, and a plain capital. It was developed in ancient Rome during the late Republican period and was commonly used in military structures, agricultural buildings, and rural villas.

Composite order is a late Roman and Renaissance architectural order that combines elements of the Ionic and Corinthian orders. Characterized by a tall column with a decorative capital that features acanthus leaves and scrolls. It is considered to be the most ornate of the classical orders.

Emphasis on Function

Roman architecture was beautiful and functional, with buildings designed to serve a specific purpose, whether a temple, public bath, or amphitheater.